The basic information

"Car" (auto, automobile, Vehicle)

The original English translation is "auto", in Japan, also calls the "auto" (kanji in cars is what we call the train) other practice also is "auto" more, with the exception of China.

Some special operations of wheeled tractor with wheeled machinery and farmland homework, etc., in a few countries have been included in the special purpose vehicle, while in our country were included in the engineering machinery and agricultural machinery.

According to the latest national standards GB/T 3730.1-2001 definition of a car: driven by power, with four or more than four wheels of orbital carrying vehicles, mainly used for: carrying passengers and/or goods; Traction vehicles carrying passengers and (or) goods; Special purpose. The term also includes: a) combined with electric vehicles, such as the trolley buses; B) the vehicle curb weight more than 400 kg of tricycle [1].

Countries around the world in the definition of the car

In the American society of automotive engineers standards SAEJ 687 c for automobile is defined as: power driven by itself, with a driving device, can in a fixed orbit outside the road or on regional transport passenger and cargo or vehicle traction vehicles. Car according to the overall structure is divided into a bike and train. The bicycle is the basic form. Commonly used 4 * 2, 4, 6 * 4 * 4, 6 x6 symbol driving characteristics. The previous number represents the wheels (total twins and is still a wheel), a digital said after driving wheel. If all the wheels for driving wheel called all-wheel drive cars. The train is composed of tractor or bike towing a trailer or semi-trailer. Car generally can be divided into six types, according to the use cars, buses, freight cars (commonly known as the truck) off-road vehicle, traction motor, dump truck, special vehicles and semi-trailer and special semi-trailer.

Japanese industrial standard JISK 0101 definition of automobile is: itself is equipped with the engine and control devices, does not rely on a fixed rail and wiring vehicles that can run on the land.

According to the latest national standards GB/T 3730.1-2001 cars are divided into passenger cars and commercial vehicles.

Passenger car: in its design and technical characteristics are mainly used for carrying passengers and their carry-on luggage and/or temporary items, including the driver's seat, not more than 9 seats. It can also be pulling a trailer. Classified into ordinary passenger cars, live senior passenger cars, passenger cars, small passenger car, convertible, warehouse back passenger car, station wagon, multipurpose passenger vehicles, short head passenger cars, cross-country car and dedicated passenger cars and other 11 classes;

Commercial vehicles: in the design and technical characteristics used to transport personnel and cargo on the car, and tractor trailer. Passenger cars are not included in the calculation. Commercial vehicle can be divided into passenger cars, vans and semi tractor 3 classes. Buses subdivided into small bus, city bus, coach, tourist buses, articulated buses, trackless passenger cars, cross-country buses, dedicated bus. Van subdivided into common truck, multi-purpose truck, tractor, cross-country truck, special vehicle, special truck.

The basic characteristics of

The basic structure

Car general by the engine, chassis, body and electrical equipment of four basic parts.

A car engine: engine is the power unit of the automobile. Consists of two large institutions five series: crank connecting rod mechanism; Distribution agencies; Fuel supply system; The cooling system. Lubrication system; The ignition system. Starting system.

1. The cooling system: general by the radiator, thermostat, water pump, radiator, fan, water temperature on the water table and the switch. Automobile engine adopts two kinds of cooling method, namely, air cooling and water cooling. A typical car engine with water cooling.

2. The lubrication system: the engine lubrication system consists of oil pump, oil filter, oil filter, tao, pressure limiting valve, oil table, pressure and oil dipstick, etc.

3. The fuel system: gasoline engine fuel system consists of gasoline tank, gas gauge, gas pipe, fuel filter, fuel pump, carburetor, air filter, MPV

Into the exhaust manifold, etc.

4. Start the system: the starter battery ignition switch

5. The ignition system: spark plug wire coil high-pressure distributor

6. The crank connecting rod mechanism: the crankshaft connecting rod bearing flywheel piston ring piston pin crankshaft oil seal

7. valve-train cylinder head valve chamber cover camshaft valve inlet manifold Exhaust manifold air filter silencer The ternary catalytic supercharger cold and etc

Two. Automotive chassis: the chassis is supporting, installation car engine and parts and assemblies, form the car overall modelling, and accept the power of engine, make the car produces sports, ensure the normal driving. The chassis by the transmission, driving system, steering system and brake system of four parts.

1. Drive train: car passed by transmission power from the engine to the drive wheels. Drive train has to slow down, variable speed, reversing, interrupt power, between the differential between the wheel and axle differential functions, work together with the engine, can guarantee the normal driving car in a variety of operating conditions, and has good power performance and fuel economy. Mainly by the clutch, transmission, universal joint, drive shaft and drive axle, etc.

Clutch: its action is the power of the engine and transmission joint smoothly or temporarily separation, in order to car drivers such as start, stop, shift operation.

Transmission: by gearbox, gearbox cover, the first axis, the second shaft, intermediate shaft, the reverse gear shaft, gears, bearings, operating mechanism and other parts, used in vehicle speed, output torque. & K1 w w/z $L

2. Drive system: by frame, wheels and axles and suspension parts. The function of driving system is:

A. accept the transmission power, through the traction force produced by the driving wheels and the effect of pavement, make the car moving;

B. cars under the total weight and the ground reaction force;

C. ease uneven road surface to the impact of car body, attenuation of vibration in the car, keep driving comfort;

D. cooperate with steering system to ensure that the vehicle handling stability.

3. Steering system: the car is used to change or restore its set up in the direction of travel agency called the automobile steering system. The basic component of steering system

A. to operating mechanism Mainly consists of steering wheel, steering shaft, steering column, etc.

B. the rotation of the steering wheel steering will become the motion of the steering arm or rack shaft linear reciprocating motion, and the steering force amplification. Steering generally fixed on car chassis or car, steering force after steering generally will also change the direction of transmission.

C. to drive mechanism To pass the force and movement of steering output to wheel (knuckle), and the left and right wheels deflect in a certain relationship with institutions.

4. Brake system: the car used to make the outside world (mainly road) in auto parts (mainly the wheels) exert a certain force, which to a certain degree of force braking are collectively referred to as a series of special device braking system. Its purpose is: to make a moving car according to the requirements of the driver is forced to slow down or stop, Already stopped the car in a variety of road conditions (including on the ramp) stability in car; Keep cars traveling downhill speed stability.

Brake system categories:

A. according to the role of the braking system

The braking system can be divided into the vehicle brake system and parking brake system, emergency braking system and auxiliary braking system, etc. To lower the running automobile speed even parking brake system is called the crane brake system; Has to be held car resides in situ in the braking system known as the parking brake system; Under the condition of the vehicle brake system failure to ensure that the car still can realize slow down or stop brake system is called the emergency braking system; In the process of driving, auxiliary driving braking system to reduce the speed or keep the speed stable, but not supposed to park your vehicle emergency system of the braking system known as auxiliary braking system. The above brake system, the vehicle brake system and parking brake system are each car must have.

B. according to the braking energy

The braking system can be divided into human brake system, dynamic braking system and servo brake system, etc. In the driver's body as the only braking energy of brake system is called the human braking system; Completely on the conversion of the engine's power and pneumatic or hydraulic potential energy in the form of braking system called dynamic braking system; Combination of human and engine power for brake braking system known as servo brake system or assisted braking system.

C. press the braking energy transmission mode

The braking system can be divided into mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromagnetic, etc. At the same time using two or more can pass way of brake system called combined braking system.

Braking system in general by the brake operating mechanism and brake the two main parts.

A. brake operating mechanism

Braking action, control of braking effect and braking energy transmitted to all parts of the brake and the brake wheel cylinder and brake lines.

B. brake

Hinder the movement of the vehicle or motor trend of force (braking) components. Commonly used car brakes are used on the surface of the fixed components and rotation components work friction braking torque, known as the friction brake. It has two structures of drum brake and disc brake type.

3. Car body: body is installed on the chassis frame, to drivers and passengers aboard or loading of the goods. Car, bus body is usually the overall structure, van body is usually consists of two parts, the cab and crate. .

Car body structure mainly includes: the body shell (white body), doors, Windows, front coin, body inside and outside decoration parts and car accessories, seat air conditioning and ventilation, heating, air conditioning, and so on. On the truck and special vehicles include trunk and other equipment.

1. The body shell (white body) is the installation of all body parts, usually is refers to the longitudinal, beams and pillars and connected to their main bearing components such as space structure of rigid coin. The skeleton of the most obvious, and the car body and truck cab is no obvious skeleton. Body shell often including laying on its sound insulation, heat insulation, vibration proof, anticorrosive, sealing materials and coating, etc.

2. The door through the hinge is installed on the body shell, its structure is complex, is an important part of a promise that the using of body performance. Coin, etc. The pulley parts are formed to accommodate the engine, wheels and other parts of space.

Article 3. The body is the main external decoration refers to the decoration, the wheel decorative cover, logo, embossed type text, and so on. The radiator mask, bumpers, lamps and lanterns and rearview mirror and other accessories also have obvious decorative.

4. Car interior decoration including dashboards, roof, wall, chairs and other surface decorations, and the curtains and the carpets. , widely used in the car natural fiber or synthetic fiber textile, leather or multilayer composite materials, even the skin surface coated decoration material such as plastic foam; On passenger cars are a lot of fiber board, paper board, engineering plastic board, aluminum plate, decorative pattern plate and composite decorative decoration materials.

5. The car accessories are: door locks, door hinges, glass levelers, all kinds of seals, the wind window wiper, wind window washer, visor, rearview mirror, handle, cigarette lighter, empty boxes, etc. On modern cars are often equipped with a radio and cassette player and rod antenna, also in some car body is equipped with a wireless telephone, television or tiny furnace heating food and small refrigerator and other ancillary equipment.

6. The inside of the car body ventilation, heating, air conditioning and air conditioning is to maintain the normal environment, ensure the safety of drivers and passengers inside the car comfortable important device. Chairs are body inside one of the important device. Seat by skeleton, seat cushion, back of a chair and regulating mechanism, etc. Seat cushion and the back of a chair should have certain elasticity. Before and after regulating mechanism can make the seat or move up and down and adjust the seat cushion and backrest Angle. Some seats and elastic suspension and shock absorber, can be adjusted on the elastic suspension for drivers under the action of different weight can still guarantee the seat cushion from the height of the floor properly. In some passenger car and truck cab in a sleeper is set to meet the need of long-distance driving at night.

7. In order to ensure the safety of driving restrictions to passengers, widely used in the modern car seat belts, headrest, air bags and all kinds of buffer to prevent the crew were injured when the car crashed and package cushion device. According to the different types of transport goods, freight car trunk can be a regular column plate structure, the structure of the platform, the structure of the tipping, closed trunk, gas, liquid tank and transport bulk goods (grain, powder, etc.) used in pneumatic blowing discharge capacity tank or is suitable for highway, railway, waterway, air transport and international transport of various standard specifications of the container.

4. Electrical equipment: electrical equipment consists of power supply and power consumption equipment of two parts. Power supply including battery and generator; Electrical equipment including the engine starting system, gasoline engine ignition system and other electric devices.

1. The battery: the battery starter's role is to supply electricity, when the engine starting or low speed of power supply to the engine ignition system and other electric equipment. When the engine high speed generator power is enough, storage battery can store extra electricity. Each single cell battery on has positive and negative.

2. The starter: its function is to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy, the crankshaft rotates, starting the engine. Starter when using, should pay attention to every time shall not exceed 5 seconds, starting time interval is not less than 10 to 15 seconds, each use of continuous use no more than three times. If continuous starting time is too long, will cause a lot of battery discharge and smoking starter coil overheating, extremely easy attaint parts.

The performance parameters

1. The vehicle equipment quality (kg) : car fully equipped with good quality, including lubricating oil, fuel, the accessory tools, the quality of spare tire device such as a all.

2. The maximum total mass (kg) : when the car full of total quality.

3. The maximum load mass (kg) : when the car on the road of the maximum load quality.

4. The maximum axial load mass (kg) : the biggest car uniaxial carries total quality. Related to road through sexual try not to in the process of car use to hurt acid-base objects.

5. The conductor (mm) : car length direction of the distance between the poles endpoint.

6. The car width (mm) : car width polar distance between the endpoints.

7. The car is high (mm) : the distance between automobile high to the ground.

8. Wheelbase (mm) : the automobile front axle center distance to the rear axle center.

9. Track width (mm) : the same sedan tire is about the distance between the center line.

Suspension before 10. (mm) : car's front end to the front axle center distance.

11. After the suspension (mm) : car finally end the distance to the rear axle center.

12. The minimum ground clearance (mm) : when the car load, low to the ground in the distance.

13. Close Angle (°) : car front bulge wheel forward the tangent Angle with the ground.

14. Angle of departure (°) : car back-end bulge to the rear wheels of the tangent Angle with the ground.

15. Turning radius (mm) : when the car steering, steering wheel car lateral central plane in vehicles bearing trajectory in the plane of the circle radius. When the steering wheel to the limit position turning radius for the minimum turning radius.

16. The highest speed (km/h) : when the car in straight roads can reach maximum speed.

17. Maximum gradability (%) : when the car loaded with maximum gradeability.

18. The average fuel consumption (L / 100 km) : when the car on the road every hundred kilometers average fuel consumption.

19. The wheel and driving wheel (n * m) : wheel hub for measuring the basis of, n represents the car wheels, total number m on behalf of the drive wheels.

classification

Cars are divided into: according to the use

1, the truck: mainly used for transporting goods, some also can traction of the whole trailer car. According to the maximum total quality is different, can be divided into minivans below (1.8 t), light truck (1.8-6 tons), medium sized truck (6-14 tons), heavy duty truck (14 tons).

2, dump truck, give priority to in order to transport goods and dump car cabin. Fit for bad road or no road area, used for defense, forest and mining.

3, cross-country car: it is mainly used for bad road or no road area of all-wheel drive high by car. Fit for bad road or no road area, used for defense, forest and mining.

4, cars: used to carry people and their belongings and seat arrangement between the two axis four-wheel vehicles. According to engine size can be divided into the tiny car below (1 L), common sedan (1-1.6 L), intermediate sedan (1.6 to 2.5 L), senior car (2.5 4 L), limousine (more than 4 L).

5, bus: a rectangular compartment, is mainly used to carry people and their carry-on items. According to different purposes can be divided into buses, city buses and coach and group tour buses, etc.

Hang traction motors: 6 and a half, traction motor and special is mainly used for tractor trailer or semi-trailer vehicles. According to the different can be divided into half of tractor trailer hanging traction motors and the traction motors.

7, special vehicles: device with special equipment, have special function, used to undertake special auto transport task or special assignments. Used to complete specific tasks, such as fire engines, ambulances.

Car flag

Car mark usually refers to the car company's mark, general with automotive grille in the center of the logo for the main label.

Distribution location

Car flag mainly is located in the middle of the front grille (or automobile engine cover central), the center of the center of the steering wheel and the wheel hub design. Some of the car tail or fender has car flag. Logo is based on the distribution of car body.

The classification of the car flag

Logo is mainly divided into plane three-dimensional logo logo and two.

1, graphic symbol

1. The brand name initials or abbreviations as car flag

Example: lexus' L ', the public's "VW" '

2. The full name of English with the brand as a car flag

Example: kia, ford

3. In abstract graphics or design as a marker of cars

Example: audi sihuan, Renault's diamond, Cadillac shield logo

4. Symbolic objects as a logo

Example: maserati Poseidon fork, lamborghini cattle, buick's three shields

5. The comprehensive logo (in the above four patterns in combination with several combined with any logo)

Example: the BMW company name with blue and white plaid, porsche's horse and the shield design

2, three-dimensional signs

1. The planar 3 d logo (three-dimensional logo from only one direction, and even can be referred to as: "stand up plane logo")

Example: "double M" three-dimensional symbol of maybach, Benz, "three-pointed star" three-dimensional symbol

Type 2. The statue of the three-dimensional logo (three-dimensional logo can be seen from all directions, like a statue)

Example: "flying goddess" three-dimensional symbol of Rolls-Royce, "jaguar" three-dimensional symbol of jaguar

Three-dimensional logo production cost is higher, at the same time when vehicles accidentally hit people will also bring the pedestrian unnecessary damage, so now many auto companies have abandoned their three-dimensional sign!!

China's history

China's auto manufacturing there before. China land first car is the input of the United States in 1903 as mobile brand car production, to collect the no. 1 the car certificate, the owner for Shanghai.

Attempt is to produce cars in China with the support of the general zhang xueliang, employ the technicians guide in 1928, in shenyang BeiDaYing Arsenal successfully imitate the American universal brand truck, 1 year pack out of ten.

In 1936 the Chinese government has a plan to cooperate with German Benz company, set up the official "China automobile manufacturing company, plans to make cars after assembling cars, first. The following year, the Anti-Japanese War broke out, CiYi shelved. Until 1949, when the kuomintang left mainland China only car use and repair.

After the founding of new China, China's auto industry to establish and develop.

The development of the auto industry of China can be divided into three stages: formation stage, an independent stages of development and opening to the outside world.

Create a stage

1953 ~ 1958 years is the creation stage of China's automobile industry, the completion of changchun first automobile manufactory is a sign of this stage. The characteristics of this stage for the construction work is carried out under the full assistance of the former Soviet union, products imported from the Soviet union, the design process by the Soviet union, the main equipment is provided by the Soviet union and the factory building design is also undertaken by the Soviet union. The first car plant design capacity to produce 30000 cars, the product is load 4 t truck and suv accordingly. The first automobile factory founding in 1953, 1953 from the first automobile factory assembly line opened the first "jiefang" on the bus. Production of 16 000 cars in 1958.

An independent stage of development

In 1958 ~ 1984 is the second phase of the auto industry of China. Around 1958, the sino-soviet relations deteriorated. China's automobile industry, together with other sectors of the economy into the period of self-reliance. After initially formed the basis of their industry, our country are imitation and manufacture the car more, gradually formed a few relatively have the size of the car factory. In addition to the first car manufacturers, large-scale automobile factory, Beijing and nanjing automobile factory, etc. 1958 Beijing automobile factory developed the first car of the Chinese people, the name "jinggangshan brand" into the zhongnanhai. Since then, China's auto industry has entered a new stage of development, independence, self-reliance, stages of development. Landmark achievements of this phase is the construction of the second car manufacturers.

In 1964 started a second car manufacturers, from the time of the political, military and economic development point of view to choose northwest mountainous area of hubei province (shiyan) today. National related industry collaboration, start from 1966, dozens of factories spread in the valley, stretching 80 km. After the "cultural revolution" during construction, batch production began in 1978, the main product is the development of the Chinese themselves "watershave" truck load 5 t, in the mid - 1980 - s reach an annual output of 100000 more than medium-sized truck scale, become the largest domestic production enterprises, and products are very popular with users. The second car factory factory design and process design is completed by Chinese people, 98% of the production equipment is domestic equipment. Conditions at that time very difficult in China, the second car factory built can be said to be a miracle.

Opening up to the stage

In the mid - 1980 - s, Chinahas been a heated debate, the theme is to not to develop production of cars and car consumption. The result of the argument is China needs to develop cars, central decisions, establish a modern car industry, it is an important decision in the development of auto industry in our country.

In 1984, the first vehicle manufacturing joint venture company, Beijing automotive industry corporation was born with joint investment of Chrysler's car production enterprise, it marks the auto industry into a new stage of development, open to the public stage. Since then, a large number of joint ventures in China was born.

This stage has the following characteristics: the car industry as the focus of the development; Introduction of foreign investment, joint ventures; Imported products, technology and management methods, a high starting point, large quantities of policy, quickly formed a certain scale; Enterprise to do according to the market mechanism.

Released since 1994, the automobile industry policy and implement, China's auto industry has a rapid development, the scale of production of enterprises, automobile production volume, product variety, technical level, market concentration has the remarkable progress. Entering the 21st century, profound changes have taken place in domestic and international environment, China's auto industry has good development opportunities, and is facing severe challenges, and some deep-seated contradictions and problems are gradually exposed. To promote the healthy development of automobile industry, needs to have an innovative and forward-looking, scientific, and has a guiding significance to the industrial policy. The national development and reform commission on June 1, 2004 officially issued and implemented "automobile industry development policy".

Compared with the automotive industry policy in 1994, the new "automobile industry development policy" has the characteristics of seven aspects: (1) cancelled with wto rules and China's accession to the wto promises not consistent content; (2) greatly reduce administrative examination and approval, rely on laws and regulations and technical standards, to guide the healthy development of industry. (3) put forward the brand strategy, encourage the development of products with independent intellectual property rights, for the automotive industry development of clear policy guidance; (4) guide the existing automobile production enterprise mergers, restructuring, promote the domestic automobile enterprise group become bigger and stronger; 5. The auto production enterprises to establish brand sales and service system, eliminate the trouble back at home of consumer; 6. Guide and encourage the development of energy efficient and environmentally friendly cars and new fuel cars; All landowners to create better consumption environment put forward guidance. The specific goal is to make our country automobile industry become the pillar industry of national economy by 2010.

Now, our country has independent auto brand, such as geely, chery, byd, xiali, etc., the quality of the car also had the very big enhancement.

Body evolution

From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, car designers put the main energy use in the car on the development of mechanical engineering and innovation. First half of the 20th century, all about the basic structure of the car has been invented, automotive designers begin from the outside to improve on modelling, and successively introduced the aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, the human body. Bauingenieurwesen and industrial modelling design (industrial aesthetics) concept, makes every effort to let the car can satisfy various age, all kinds of class from the appearance, even the different needs of various cultural background, make the car the best performance of the combination of science and art image, and ultimately to achieve the most perfect state.

Auto stylist people dressed up as the car body of human beings. For example: the eye of the auto - headlamps; Mouth -- air inlet; Lung - air filter; Blood vessels - oil; Neural circuit; Heart a engine; The stomach - tank; Feet - tyre; Muscle - mechanical parts. Trying to have a cold machine injection to life, with special artistic charm, give a person with aesthetic feeling. In the development process of automotive body form mainly experienced horse model car, box type, the beatles car, boat, fish type car, wedge.

The model car

In ancient China had the word "car", refers to the sedan chair with mules mara. When the western car a lot into China, it is enclosed square cars popular in the west. At that time the car shape similar to the "car" in ancient China, and with "car" let a person feel glory. As a result, people will car called cars at that time. First car, its body modelling is basically used for the carriage, in the form of so called "horseless carriage" English name Sedan is refers to the European noble a luxury passenger carriage, decoration not only pay attention to, and it is enclosed, wind, rain and dust, and to improve the degree of safety. After the car to the 18th century, also only a few rich people in big cities such as New York, Philadelphia, is qualified to enjoy. 1908 ford model T, the body from open to closed down, its comfort, security, has greatly improved. Ford will his "enclosed car" (Closedcar) called Sedan. The model T ford is famous horse model car.

Box car

The ford motor company in 1915 to produce a car that is different from the horse models, its shape is like a big box, and is equipped with door and window, people call this kind of car "box car". Because of this kind of car shape similar lady people used to travel together in Europe and some other occasions of men "sedan chair" type of portable seats, so it was named the "car" in the catalogue.

The beetle cars

In 1934, of the centre for the study of fluid mechanics in accordance with the professor, adopt the method of model cars in the wind tunnel test to measure the air resistance of various body, this is a historic test. First introduced in 1934, the us Chrysler streamlined body shape design. In 1937, German design genius fernand? Porsche began designing similar beetle car shape. The beatles not only can crawl on the ground, also can fly in the sky, the body resistance is very small. Dr Porsche to maximize the advantages of the beetle appearance, make the representative work of "public" became a sleek cars in the car. Sleek cars became popular in the 1930 s and 40 s of the 20 years, is the beetle cars "golden age".

Ship type car in 1945, ford motor company focus on the development of new models, after several years of efforts, finally in 1949 launched a historic new ford V8 type. Because this kind of car has changed the past mode of automobile modeling, make the front fender and hood, rear fender and baggage compartment cover soluble in an organic whole, headlights and the radiator cover also form a whole, on both sides of the car body to form a smooth surface, car room located in the central part of the car, the whole shape is like a boat, so people call this kind of car "type car".

Fish type car

In order to overcome the ship type automobile tail is outstretched, too much in the car speeding will produce strong air turbulence effect this defect, people develop like fish's backbone of vehicles. In 1952, the United States, gm's buick brand usher in the age of the fish type car. If only from the back of the car shape, fish cars and beetle cars are very similar. But as observed carefully, will find fish type car back and ground into the Angle is small, the tail is longer, around the body of the air flow is relatively easier, so vortex flow resistance is also relatively small.

Wedge car

"Duck end type" models although partially overcome when the car speeding air lift, but not fundamentally solve the problem of fish type car lift. After a lot of to explore and experiment, the designer finally found a new model -- wedge. This model is to dip below the body forward, at the back of the car body flat like a knife, this model can effectively overcome the lift.

Is first designed by wedge car division in 1963, Ben's times, the car in the car appearance design expert evaluation. In 1968, gm's oldsmobile? Toro, improvement and development of the wedge cars, and 1968 for Cadillac limousine erdogan. Wedge model widely used mainly on the car. Because the car first consider the problem such as fluid mechanics, aerodynamics effect on the car, car body can be completely according to wedge, and the ride comfort as minor issues to consider. If ferrari in Italy in the 1980 s, is a typical wedge shape. Wedge shape for currently considering the high-speed car, whether from the aspects of its modelling concise, move feeling, or from its embodiment of aerodynamics, are conform to the requirements of the modern people's subjective, with a strong contemporary breath, give a person with beautiful enjoyment and speed fast. Japan's Toyota motor co., LTD. Type MR2 engine of sports car (the tail with flexible flow plate), could be called wedge in the car on behalf of the car.

The development of automobile modeling was better aerodynamic design combined with seating comfort to be properly, in full consideration to the above two key problems, on the basis of efforts to develop new technology in the field of human body engineering, in order to design and make cars more perfect, more outstanding for the target. One day, the car cabin will form the "glass" with a graceful curve. With the hand in photograph reflect with geometry body, round and streamline style. At that time, the car color coating will embody the softness in the bright and clear, so be extra feast for the eyes.

Car pollution

Cars provide people with the convenient transportation, but the traditional oil as fuel cars has also caused serious pollution to the environment. In recent years, the incidence of respiratory diseases, cancer, headaches and other increase rapidly, all related to environmental degradation. "With the number of cars into the family of vehicle emission pollution has become an important component of urban air pollution is more and more aroused people's wide attention. Reduce automobile harmful gas emissions, build green public transportation is urgent.

The car pollution basically has the following several aspects:

A, car noise, mainly occurred in the process of driving an automobile noise, it is mainly composed of engine working noise and vibration when the car driving and the noise of the transmission. The evaluation and testing ways mainly have A car outside noise and two kinds of interior noise, for light vehicles, generally require less than 85 db (A) in order to avoid noise pollution.

Second, the automobile exhaust pollution, mainly refers to the exhaust fumes from automobile engine exhaust pipe, according to different vehicle types, the composition of different pollutants. Automobile exhaust pollution are the main sources of automobile and automobile environmental protection one of the most important project.

Third, the fuel evaporation pollution, mainly for gasoline vehicles gasoline evaporation, gasoline is a kind of highly volatile substances, the volatiles contained a large number of harmful ingredients to human body, so in environmental control on car, added to the fuel evaporation control project.

Four, crankcase pollution, refers to the engine crank case, from the engine activity ring of incomplete combustion of combustible gas leaked incision, it contains the harmful ingredients to human body, such as CO therefore asked not to allow the engine inside the suitcase is to vent from the atmospheric environment.

In addition, according to the survey, according to the indoor environment testing standards, quite a number of new car air inside the car is unqualified, part of the new car pollutants exceeds bid badly. Two to three times of formaldehyde to exceed bid, volatile organic compounds and 5 to 6 times. Pollution sources in addition to the original material from the car, such as armrest paint, leather, etc.; More is the car decoration products, such as floor MATS, chemical fiber fabric cushion for leaning on, etc. In the serious pollution of the carriage to stay for a long time, it's easy to produce symptoms such as chest breathing disorders, thirsty, dizziness, serious still can cause aplastic anemia. Even so, the car environmental problems and no cause enough attention to consumers and manufacturers and merchants. Indoor environment monitoring center experts remind you: the new car must be like the house that new clothes builds, pay attention to ventilation, ventilation is the most effective approach is to reduce the car pollution hazard, general new car to ventilation six months to one year. In addition, must not use the peculiar smell of the perfume to cover up the car, which would create more toxic compounds.

In the environmental problems, caused by emissions of greenhouse gases to global climate warming is more and more global attention. Has made the global climate warming, the natural frequency and intensity increasing, there are 6 kinds of gas are mostly related to cars, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides from internal combustion engine combustion, CFCS car air conditioning, etc. Vehicle emissions is the main source of air pollution in cities. Because the car is a low emissions, low atmospheric pollution of the environment and human body harm is greater.

In order to improve the urban environment, reduce pollution, in the long run, the environment, technology, two factors will dominate the future of the automobile industry, automobile production enterprises if only rely on traditional fuel cars, so in today's environmental requirements more stringent, more competitive in the market will be difficult to survive. At the same time, the large-scale development of petrol or diesel-powered car, will meet a lot of pressure on resources. Must, therefore, the development of the auto industry to seek new road, the use of advanced technology, development and production of low pollution clean vehicles. Now, first of all, to speed up the purity of the fuel vehicle, a focus on leading cars, minivans and light bus products applied on the closed loop efi technology, screening, the optimization and the reasonable matching ternary catalytic conversion device, make the new production of light vehicle emission levels up to standard; Of in-use vehicle, also want to use electronic control technology and catalytic converters for technical transformation, reduce exhaust pollution.

, according to the determination of the car every 10000 litres of fuel oil consumption, the emissions of 22.3 tons of carbon dioxide. Therefore, reduce automobile emissions of carbon dioxide, the first is to reduce automobile fuel consumption, advocate using small cars, encourage fuel-efficient cars. At the same time, try to use clean fuel. The high lead content in gasoline products are sold in, should improve the oil in a timely manner. Vehicles in use process, if the car oil is not suitable, can also cause damage due to oil car phenomenon. To make the vehicle emissions standards as far as possible, be sure to use clean fuel. At present, some gas stations did not join in fuel oil cleaner, even with dust and moisture. Unclean fuel makes many DianPenChe nozzle clogging, intake valve deposits, impact performance, can appear even color of smoke.

Engine is the main pollution sources, auto correct oil gas reduction is the key, start and stop to avoid too fast. Go to put light on light, avoid by all means slammed on fierce step, start the engine too overloaded, than normal driving more than 60% of the fuel consumption. And don't have something fine boom several feet throttle, this habit is hurt car and fuel consumption, and exhaust gas, noise and pollution. To save fuel, not driving the car engine to unnecessarily high speed operation, should hang into high gear driving, as far as possible when the engine running unbalanced hangs into low gear. Only engine, accelerator pedal, gear, trinity, tacit cooperation can output the most appropriate power can be smooth and stable speed of the car, petrol consumption will reach a minimum.

Each model has its best economic speed, large cars generally is 35 to 45 kilometers, small cars in 60 to 90 kilometers. Engine most easily, economic and combustion fully, pollution is minimal. In general, the car speed by up to 50 kilometers, 20 kilometers an hour its emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons can reduce about 50%.

So, the car driving should first solve the problem of traffic jams in the city. Cars often idle speed, low speed, acceleration, deceleration, which cause energy waste, and increased air pollution in the city. Only pedestrians and drivers to consciously abide by traffic rules, self-effacing each other, understand each other, so that it can greatly reduce the number of traffic jams.

The fastest car list

Title: SSCUltimateAero super sports car at 273 MPH (437 km/h) top speed at the top, by contrast, the world's fastest passenger jet - "concord" takeoff speed is only 360 km/h.

Runner-up:, sarin S7 (416 km/h), the vehicle of 12 units, speed 416 km /, 0 to 100 km/h speed just 2.8 seconds, sarin S7 is simply astounding.

Third: the bugatti (407 km/h) the bugatti Veyron began formally put into production in 2001, and decided to limit production is not more than 300 vehicles, the power specifications for 1001 horsepower and speed 407 km/h (equivalent to) per second across a football field, the torque of 1250 nm / 1250 RPM, 16 4 cylinder turbo engine and full-time four-wheel drive, the zero to 100 KPH speed up just 2.5 seconds, the only thing is quicker than the Veyron acceleration is its braking system, by 100 to 0 km/brake only 2.3 seconds.

Fourth: KoenigseggCCR (388 km/h)

Fifth: the McLaren F1 (386 km/h) McLaren in 1990 technology innovation to high-tech mechanical principle of F1 and revolutionary technique is applied to civil car, hence the birth of a leading industry for more than ten years, a classic supercar has shocked the world: the McLaren F1!

Sixth: aston Martin One - 77 (360 km/h) top speed:

Super car brand aston Martin has exhibited in Paris motor show a brand new flagship model One - 77, new car is expected to cost about 1.05 million pounds, the introduction of domestic price could be as high as 4000-45 million yuan, is likely to become the world's most expensive sports car, will be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2009 customers, only limited production of 77 units.

Seventh: ferrari Enzo (350 km/h)

8: the dodgers ViperSRT - 10 (348 km/h)

Ninth: pagani Zonda (345 km/h)

The first ten: this "very limited" lamborghini Reventon (340 km/h)

This super car only 20 cars in the world, including 10 cars will supply the us market. Name is derived from 1943 kill matador Felix Guzman a bull. The supercar has adopted a lot of weight design and carbon fiber parts, body adopts the grey style of painting and making fighter dashboard. Pneumatic performance also made a big improvement, the V12 engine, maximum power up to 650 horsepower (8000 RPM), maximum peak torque is as high as 660 nm (6000 RPM).

In the case of Reventon car is only 1665 kg, Reventon 0 ~ 100 km/h speed up as long as 3.3 seconds, top speed is easily exceed 340 km/h.

Of course, many high-speed production vehicles can completely and combat fighters than speed, seventh in the dodgers ViperSRT - 10 in the 800 - meter range than the F - 16 fighter.

After a lot of car modified, performance can get more ascension, such as turbo, mechanical pressurization can make the power more than than the default of displacement of the car a bigger car, the car modification has gradually from the playground popularity fans to ordinary people.

The famous international auto show

According to the international practice, is a recognized international auto show of "big five", including the European three: Frankfurt auto show, Paris auto show and the Geneva motor show; North America and Asia's a: north American auto show and the Tokyo motor show.

1, the north American auto show

Annual, the predecessor is the American international auto show in Detroit, has been nearly hundred years of history, is founded one of the longest auto show in the history of the United States.

In 1957, the European automakers finally, to the ocean for the first time appeared the figure of Volvo, Benz, porsche, won the attaches great importance to the American people, "Wang Qi" officially built the Detroit auto show. The Detroit auto show 1989 more the name is north American international auto show, exhibition in January each year.

2, the Paris motor show

Which originated in the 1898 international auto salon will, every year until 1976, after a session every two years. In the end of September to early October every year.

3, the Geneva motor show

Originated in the 1905 Geneva motor show, hosted by an informal association since 1926, the association of reorganization foundation for international motor show in 1947, 1982, sponsored by the government to create Orgexpo foundation. Compared to the rest of the world auto show, the Geneva motor show is the most media attention, and was in the industry as the best industry gathering place. This year will be the 74th session of the Geneva motor show, as one of the five major auto show at the Geneva motor show, with its long history and many for the first time is famous concept cars and new models, Geneva will be from Europe and the world's automakers, car design masters show the strength of the stage.

Exhibition scale: more than 30 countries, more than 250 exhibitors, nearly thousand brand, net exhibition area of 63000 square meters, the actual exhibition area of 72000 square meters, the exhibition including automotive, involving cars, all kinds of parts and components, garage accessories, electric cars, and other entertainment facilities.

Every year, the Geneva motor show to show the world's latest innovation achievements of the world, and this attitude is the key to attract attention. Every year in Geneva there will be millions from over 100 different countries and regions of exhibitors, more include 4000 journalists from more than 80 countries.

4, Frankfurt auto show

Formerly known as Frankfurt motor show in Berlin auto show, founded in 1897, in 1951 moved to Frankfurt, every year, cars and commercial vehicles rotation. Frankfurt motor show is the world's largest auto show, there are "car games," said.

5, the Tokyo motor show

Tokyo motor show is the shortest, five major auto show in history known as the "Asian auto gauge", was founded in 1954. Tokyo motor show is Asia's largest international auto show. Tokyo motor show take turns to show one time every year for cars and commercial vehicles.

6, the Beijing auto show

Founded in 1990, Beijing international automobile exhibition (Auto China, regularly held in Beijing every two years, has held nine consecutive terms, has been through the developing course of 18 years. Beijing international automobile exhibition since its inception, the scale expands unceasingly, the exhibition features from the past simple product display, develop to become the enterprise development strategy today distribution and comprehensive image display window; Global cutting-edge technology innovation platform of communication; The most effective brand promotion stage. Improve the exhibits the quality one by one, also influence has become increasingly widespread, many multinational auto companies will be listed for the A level motor show in Beijing motor show.

7, chengdu motor show

On the afternoon of September 26, 2008, the 11th chengdu international auto show (hereinafter referred to as chengdu motor show) in chengdu century city new international exhibition center successfully. The auto show good performance, the size of 90000 square meters, a total for 170 car companies carrying 450 car exhibition, the exhibition visitors reached 352600, 13.7% growth in the last year, creating a new record of chengdu auto show. As the largest auto show in the west and the full interpretation of chengdu auto show excellent released this year the theme of "beautiful chengdu, colorful auto show.

8, Shanghai auto show

Shanghai auto show was founded in 1985, is China's earliest professional international automobile exhibition; Every odd years, has successfully held the 12th. Is Asia's largest auto show

Car brand

Note: other countries bought by a car brand local brands do not belong to the acquirer's home country.

International brand

Germany

The Audi (Audi, BMW (BMW) brands: Rolls-Royce (Rolls), Mini (Mini), Mercedes - Benz (Mercedes Benz) brands: Maybach (Maybach), Smart (elf) Opel (Opel) Porsche (Porsche) Volkswagen (vw) Kassbohrer (kes) Neoplan (Neoplan), Wiesmann (' s), man (man)

The United States

Ford products: Ford (Ford) Aston Martin (Aston Martin), Mercury (Mercury), Lincoln, Lincoln,

Gm products: Buick (Buick) Cadillac, Cadillac, Chevrolet (Chevrolet) GMC (gm's pickup truck) Pontiac (Pontiac, cancelled), Vauxhall (Vauxhall)

Chrysler products: Chrysler, Chrysler, Dodge, Dodge Jeep (Jeep)

Emerging car company: Rossion cars

Japan

Subaru (Subaru) Honda (Honda) brands: Acura Acura)

Isuzu (Isuzu) Mazda, Mazda, Mitsubishi (Mitsubishi) Nissan (Nissan) brands: Infiniti Infiniti)

Suzuki, Suzuki, Toyota (Toyota) brands: Lexus (Lexus) Mitsuoka (light), car

Russia

Lady (Lada)

Italy

Alfa Romeo (Alfa Romeo) Ferrari (Ferrari) Fiat (Fiat) Lamborghini (Lamborghini)

Maserati (Maserati) IVECO (IVECO) Lancia (Lancia) Pagani (Pagani)

The British

Aston Martin (Aston Martin) Bentley (Bentley) Jaguar (Jaguar Land Rover (Land Rover) Lotus (Lotus) Mini (Mini) TVR MG (MG) Rolls-Royce (Rolls-Royce) Rover (Rover)

The French

Bugatti (Bugatti) Citro ё n (psa) Peugeot (psa) Renault (Renault) Venturi (wen rui car)

Australia

Holden (houghton)

South Korea

Daewoo (Daewoo), Hyundai (modern) Kia (Kia) Ssangyong (company)

The Czech republic

Skoda (Skoda)

In the Netherlands,

Spyker Spyker)

The Swedish

Saab (Saab) Koenigsegg, Koenigsegg Scania (Scania), Volvo (Volvo)

Domestic brands

Geely products: geely emgrand, global hawk

Chery products: chery, scholar, jiaqi, karry

The Great Wall, Mr Fukuda, Shanghai automotive products: roewe, MG (MG) pentium faw liberation, dongfeng, red flag (the earliest), Beijing auto products: Saab (Saab), changan, tengzhong, brands: Hummer (Hummer) dongfeng fengshen

Independent brands: byd, hippocampus, xiali, lifan, flying saucer, China motor, southeast motor, zhongtai auto, jianghuai automobile, youngman, zte, changhe, gonow automobile, shuanghuan, f ring automotive, Jiang Huan car, fujian

The relevant knowledge

New car maintenance

A, new car wax

Car manufacturers in order to protect the paint is not subject to damage in the process of long-distance transportation, will spray a layer of wax in car body, called the transport protection wax. This wax is totally different from common car wax polish, should take the wax off when the destination, and then sell.

New wax pay special attention to choose suitable products, improper selection will cause serious damage to the car paint. Many car wash with paraffin wax, wax while away, but also caused a minor scratches to paint. New car transportation wax wax oil wax and resin divides into two kinds. Open oil had better use environmentally friendly wax wax water, from orange lining refining and become, has a strong function of degreasing, the paint will not cause damage. If resin transportation wax, need to buy a bottle of special "dewaxing" washing liquid. Open car wax prices according to the grade of the car is different, generally between 100-400 yuan; Such as yourself, buy cleaner, depending on the brand, the dosage is different, the price is between 20 yuan to 150 yuan.

B, new car paint protection

New car paint protection is more important than a wax, car exhaust of carbon black, the debris, such as invisible dangers of acid rain in the air, from the first day of the new car on the road began to paint oxide. In order to avoid the beauty of the car into a "yellow face woman", new car lacquer wax protection needs, but not ordinary wax.

New car wax has two kinds: one kind of new car wax, called a new protective wax. This is two completely different types of wax, wax to a new car should be use the new car protect, can use the new car wax after daily washing the car. New car protect the unique function of wax is super antioxidant, corrosion resistant function, apply once, generally can keep for a year, daily washing will not be washed away. New car wax is a kind of soft wax, generally there is no polishing agent, can not stand the test of the car. New car protect wax optional contact clothing, more than 100 yuan, a dozen times are available, and each time the workmanship of twenty yuan, also can oneself learn to use a sponge.

C, new car interior protection

Car interior there are generally two kinds of materials, leather and chemical fiber. Get a new car after the best immediately to do maintenance. There are two kinds of leather polish and wax and resin. Wax polish, no protection, at best, can waterproof; Resin type leather polish, emphasize the protection function of product, anti-wear, uv resistance, corrosion resistance grease erosion. Chemical fiber content protection must distinguish interior "cleaner" and "interior" protective ", they are completely different products. Interior protectant generally contain silicone resin, fiber can form a protective film, so the oil will not have direct erosion chemical fiber, ultraviolet ray also no oxidation interior material, make it fade, hair white.

Interior protectant or wash protectant, divided into velveteen cleaners, leather cleaner and other cleaning agents, chemical fiber, price between 50 yuan, spray in chemical fiber surface, can wipe with a dry towel. Please keep in mind that at this moment, don't forget your canopy overhead.

Car noun

MPV:

Multi - Purpose is the full name of MPV Vehicle, namely the utility vehicles. It combines cars, station wagons and van functions in one, the car every seat can be adjusted, and a variety of combination way, such as the middle seat backrest can be turned down can be turned into tables, the front seat can rotate 180 degrees, etc.

Suvs are:

SUV SportUtility Vehicle, is the full name of Chinese sport utility Vehicle. Now mainly refers to the avant-garde design, modelling novel 4 wd off-road vehicles. Suvs usually front suspension is car type independent suspension, there are both comfort and cross-country performance, can be manned and cargo.

The RV:

Recreation Vehicle, is the full name of the RV, recreational vehicles, is a kind of car is suitable for entertainment, leisure, travel, first put forward the concept of the RV car country is Japan. A broad sense, light passenger car, except cars and sports cars are attributable to the RV.

Picard:

Pickup (PICK - UP), also known as its card. As the name implies, also the car also card, is a kind of the sedan car and bridge, at the same time with open boxcar models. Characterized by both the comfort of cars, and do not break power is strong, and cargo than cars and has strong adaptability to bad roads.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) car:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is in English Completely Knocked Down abbreviations, meaning is "Completely break up". Is import or import cars, cars to completely break up the state entry, then all the zero, the auto parts assembled into the vehicle.

SKD car

SKD is the abbreviation of English Semi - Knocked Down, meaning "half in bulk. Refers to import cars from abroad assembly (such as engine, cabin and chassis, etc.), and then in the domestic automobile factory assembled cars.

Concept car

Concept Car by Conception Car free translation in English. Concept car is not Ep will be put into production, it is only to show design novel, unique, advanced idea. Concept car is still in its originality, trial stage, will probably never put into production.

The old car

Old car is also called the classic car, generally refers to 20 years ago or older cars. Car is the product of a kind of nostalgia, is that people used to use, now can still work. A concept in the 1970 s, first appeared in a magazine in the UK.

The electric car

At present, a lot of people say electric cars is refers to the pure electric vehicles, which is a kind of using single battery as energy storage power cars. It USES battery as energy storage power source, through the battery to the motor, drive motor, so as to push the car forward. Look from the appearance, the electric car and the car everyday to see, there is no difference between difference mainly lies in the power supply and drive system.

A hybrid car

A hybrid car is on the pure electric vehicles equipped with a set of internal combustion engine, its purpose is to reduce automobile pollution, improve the pure electric vehicle mileage. Hybrid cars have series and parallel connection of two kinds of structure forms.

Gas car

Gas is mainly liquefied petroleum gas car (. LPG cars or LPGV) and compressed natural gas vehicle (hereinafter referred to as CNG vehicles or CNGV). As the name implies, LPG automobile in liquefied petroleum gas as fuel, CNG vehicle based on compressed natural gas as fuel. Gas motor CO emissions than gasoline vehicles reduced by more than 90%, hydrocarbon emissions by more than 70%, nitrogen oxides emissions by more than 35%, is the more practical low emission vehicles.

V6 engine

Automobile engine cylinder is commonly used number 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 cylinder. Cylinder arrangement form are mainly inline, V, W, etc.

It is generally believed that V engine is more advanced, have also become one of the cars level symbol. By far the most common engine is mainly inline 4 cylinder (14) and V six-cylinder engine (V6). In general, V6 engine emissions from 14 to the high, V6 machine than 14 - run smooth and quiet. V6 machine is installed on the high-grade cars.

Compression ratio

Compression ratio is refers to the total volume and the cylinder combustion chamber volume ratio, which represents the piston from the check point to check the degree of the gas inside the cylinder is compressed. Compression ratio is an important measure of car engine performance.

displacement

Cylinder working volume refers to the piston from the check point to the next check point the sweep gas volume, also known as single cylinder displacement, it depends on the bore and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of each cylinder working volume, generally by ml (CC). Engine displacement is one of the most important structure parameters, it is more than the cylinder diameter and number of cylinders can represent the size of the engine, the engine of many indexes are closely related with the displacement.

torque

Torque is the force to rotate the object happened. Engine torque is output from the crankshaft torque. Under the condition of the power of a fixed relationship between it and is inversely proportional to the engine speed, the faster the speed torque is smaller, conversely, the greater the it reflects the vehicle within a certain range of load capacity.

Car purchase policies and regulations

1, the increase of the official efforts in energy conservation and emissions reduction

Policy playback: at the start of the year, organization affairs administration under the state council and the central committee of the communist party of China jointly issued by departments directly under the authority of the central and state organs work for energy conservation and emissions reduction, emergency notice, made specific requirements for public transport energy conservation and emissions reduction work: take the lead in domestic independent brands, low-emission, economic environmental protection, hand shifting speed car; In addition to the special needs, in principle is not equipped with an suv; Increase the "consists of high fuel consumption and pollution serious car" update, in the first half of 2008 complete update work consists car ""; Strive for in 2008 the central and state organs at the corresponding level official car fuel consumption by 20% and so on.

Centralized purchasing 100 zhonghua car 2005, 2007 and centralized purchasing, the red flag and chery three domestic independent brands of cars, 100 each, used to update each department consists car "", it saves the financial fund accumulated more than 3000 ten thousand yuan. '

2, to purchase products of self-directed innovation + order

Policy playback: at the start of the year, the ministry of finance issued the government purchase and purchasing products of self-directed innovation management method "(hereinafter referred to as the" method "), specific provision to the independent innovation products shall practise a system of purchase and order. People purchase products belong to purchase product category, procurement person shall purchase the directory specified in the purchase products, will provide the first government procurement contracts awarded to purchase products supplier. If it meets the requirements of order, shall be by way of government procurement, procurement order products supplier, for sure, to order products government procurement contract, to ensure sufficient competition.

3, Beijing implemented Ⅳ emission standards

Playback: from the beginning on March 1, 2008, Beijing began to implement the Ⅳ emission standards. According to difference of car types, the Ⅳ emission standard will be arranged on March 1, and July 1, two time stages. According to measure, a nation Ⅳ car than Ⅲ car emissions reduced about 50%. Since March 1, every registered Beijing license plate light spark ignition engine car, the biggest total quality passenger and commercial gasoline vehicles under 3.5 tons, the implementation of China Ⅳ emission standards; July 1, the Beijing public transport, sanitation, postal diesel and gas engine vehicles, implement the Ⅳ emission standards.

4, the third batch of green procurement list

Playback: in August 2008, the ministry of finance and the ministry released after the adjustment the third batch of "government purchasing list" environment mark product. A third group of listing a total of 32 504 product model for car companies, almost covers all the major car manufacturers in China.

A third group of green listing not only significantly increased, jinbei, roewe and mg, hafei, such as independent brand vehicles, Mercedes and BMW are among the top brands.

5, and encourage the use of energy conservation, environmental protection and clean energy vehicles

Policy playback: on August 1, 2008, the state council and the general office of the state council has issued the notice on further strengthening of fuel-efficient energy-saving work. "Notice" regulation: to reduce the small-engine passenger car consumption tax, raise the large displacement passenger car consumption tax, consumption tax gap between different vehicles will be further expanded. And will be energy efficient and environmentally friendly cars and clean energy vehicles listed in the government procurement list, new official should first buy energy efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles and clean energy vehicles.

6, the anti-monopoly law regulate the car price and vendor relations

Playback: on August 1, 2008, implemented the anti-monopoly law. Involved in the details of the auto industry are as follows: chapter 2 of article 13: operators having competition prohibited the following monopoly agreement first fixed or change of commodity prices. Chapter 2 of article 14: prohibit the following monopoly agreement with trading counterpart in the second paragraph qualified goods for resale to third parties of the lowest price. Article 17 of the third chapter: prohibits operators have a dominant market status in the following the behavior of the abuse of dominant market position. 4 for no good reason, restricting trading counterpart to conduct transactions or only with its operators designated by trade. The fifth chapter article 37: the administrative organ shall not abuse their administrative power to set contains regulations including contents to eliminate or restrict competition.

7, large displacement car consumption tax hike

Policy playback: the ministry of finance, state administration of taxation issued a circular, decided from September 1, 2008 automobile consumption tax policy adjustment. Specific include: one is to improve the large displacement car consumption tax, displacement above 3.0 L to 4.0 L (including 4.0 L) passenger car, tax rate from 15% to 25%, from above 4.0 L passenger car, tax rate from 20% to 40%; The second is to reduce small-engine passenger car consumption tax, displacement below 1.0 L (1.0 L) passenger car, tax rate from 3% to 3%.

Eight, to reduce the official cars equipped with standard

Policy playback: September 11, 2008, organization affairs administration under the state council and the departments directly under the central committee of the communist party of China affairs administration jointly issued "on the central and state organs to further strengthen fuel-efficient energy-saving work and notice of national energy conservation action specific measures (hereinafter referred to as the" notice "). "To reduce the central and state organs level budget unit official cars equipped with standard" is the important part of the "notice". "General official displacement should be in 1.8 L (below), the price is in 160000 yuan of less than, confidential communications vehicle emission in 1.6 L (below), the price is in 120000 yuan or less."

After adjustment, the general public of vehicle exhaust from 2.0 L to 1.8 L, price from 250000 yuan to 160000 yuan, which accord with a country to reduce administrative costs, energy conservation and emission reduction policies.

The first car in the world

In 1769, the French N.J. the new (Cugnot) manufacturing the world's first steam drive three-wheel car. In 1879, a German engineer Karl benzene (KartBenz), for the first time a two-stroke engine experimental test success. In October 1883, he founded the "benzene company and Rhine, gas engine plant", in 1885 when he made the first mannheim benzene, patent motor vehicle, the vehicle for motor vehicles, using a 0.9 horsepower for single cylinder two stroke gasoline engine, the car has some basic characteristics of modern automobile, such as spark ignition, water cooling loop, steel pipe frame, leaf spring suspension, rear wheel drive, front wheel steering and handle, etc. On January 29, 1886, a German engineer Karl? Benz vehicle applied for a patent for it. In October the same year, central, three-wheeled vehicle won the German patent (patent no. : 37435 a). This is recognized as the world's first modern car. For these reasons, people generally think of 1886 as of the first year of car, some scholars also Carl benzene, made the first year of three-wheeled automobile (1885), as a car, was born in.